LI+ ION INSERTION IN TIO2 (ANATASE) .1. CHRONOAMPEROMETRY ON CVD FILMS AND NANOPOROUS FILMS

Electrochemical insertion of lithium in nanoporous and CVD samples of TiO2 (anatase) was studied by chronoamperometry. The currents followin g cathodic and anodic potential steps were monitored as a function of film thickness, temperature, and electrolyte concentration. The time d ependence of the currents generally exhibit the behavior of a diffusio n-limited process. It is demonstrated that the magnitude of the curren ts scales directly with the inner area of the electrodes. The potentia l dependence on the rate of insertion and extraction indicates that th e reduction of Ti4+ and oxidation of Ti3+ is kinetically hindered. The double-layer capacitance and the adsorbate concentration at 0 V of th e nanoporous structure were determined to be 30-40 mu F/cm(2) and 1.7- 2.4 mol/cm(2), respectively. The chemical diffusion coefficient at 25 degrees C for insertion and extraction in the nanoporous structure was 1 x 10(-17) and 4 x 10(-17) cm(2)/s, respectively. The corresponding values for the CVD samples, using the projected area, were 2 x 10(-15) cm(2)/s for insertion and 6 x 10(-15) cm(2)/s for extraction. The act ivation energy for lithium insertion and extraction was 0.35 and 0.38 eV for the nanoporous films and 0.54 and 0.78 eV for the CVD samples.