THE CORE DOMAIN OF THE TISSUE TRANSGLUTAMINASE GH HYDROLYZES GTP AND ATP

Tissue transglutaminase (TGase II) catalyzes the posttranslational mod ification of proteins by transamidation of available glutamine residue s and is also a guanosinetriphosphatase (GTPase) and adenosinetriphosp hatase (ATPase). Based on its homology with factor XIIIA, an extracell ular transglutaminase, the structure of TGase II is likely composed of an N-terminal beta-sandwich domain, an alpha/beta catalytic core, and two C-terminally located beta-barrels. Here we used a domain-deletion approach to identify the GTP and ATP hydrolytic domains of TGase II. Full-length TGase II and two domain-deletion mutants, one retaining th e N-terminal beta-sandwich and core domains (beta SCore) and the other retaining only the core domain, were expressed as glutathione S-trans ferase (GST) fusion proteins and purified. GST-Full and GST-beta SCore exhibited calcium-dependent TGase activity, whereas GST-Core had no d electable TGase activity, indicating the beta-sandwich domain is requi red for TGase activity but the C-terminal beta-barrels are not. All th ree GST-TGase II fusion proteins were photoaffinity-labeled with [alph a-P-32]-8-azidoGTP and were able to bind GTP-agarose. The GTPase activ ity of GST-PSCore was equivalent to that of GST-Full, whereas the ATPa se activity was similar to 40% higher than GST-Full. GST-Core had simi lar to 50% higher GTPase activity and similar to 75% higher ATPase act ivity than GST-Full. The GTPase and ATPase activities of each of the G ST-TGase II fusion proteins were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by both GTP gamma S and ATP gamma S. These results demonstrate that th e GTP and ATP hydrolysis sites are localized within the core domain of TGase II and that neither the N-terminal beta-sandwich domain nor the C-terminal beta-barrels are required for either GTP or ATP hydrolysis . Taken together with previous work [Singh, U. S., Erickson, J. W., & Cerione, R. A. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 15863-15871; Lai, T.-S., Slaugh ter, T. F., Koropchak, C. M., Haroon, Z. A., & Greenberg, C. S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 31191-31195] the results of this study indicate t hat the GTP and ATP hydrolysis sites are localized to a 5.5 kDa (47 am ino acid) region at the start of the core domain.