SCHOOLING, INTELLIGENCE, AND INCOME

In this article, the authors examined the evidence for linkages among 3 variables: schooling, intelligence, and income. They concluded that intelligence and schooling have a bidirectional relationship, with eac h variable influencing variations in the other Moreover, changes in bo th schooling and intelligence influence variations in economic outcome s. Although any single study of the interdependency of these 3 variabl es cart be criticized on the grounds that the data are correlational-a nd consequently are open to alternative interpretations-when viewed to gether the evidence far their linked causality is quite convincing: Ea ch increment in school attendance appears to convey significant increa ses not only in economic and social returns but also in psychometric i ntelligence. Thus, the value of schooling appears to extend beyond sim ply schooling's direct effect on income.