Refsum disease is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ret
initis pigmentosa, peripheral polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia and in
creased cerebrospinal fluid protein(1). Biochemically, the disorder is
defined by two related properties: pronounced accumulation of phytani
c acid and selective loss of the peroxisomal dioxygenase required for
alpha-hydroxylation of phytanoyl-CoA(2). Decreased phytanic-acid oxida
tion is also observed in human cells lacking PEX7, the receptor for th
e type-2 peroxisomal targetting signal (PTS2; refs 3,4), suggesting th
at the enzyme defective in Refsum disease is targetted to peroxisomes
by a PTS2. We initially identified the human PAHX and mouse Pahx genes
as expressed sequence tags (ESTs) capable of encoding PTS2 proteins.
Human PAHX is targetted to peroxisomes, requires the PTS2 receptor for
peroxisomal localization, interacts with the PTS2 receptor in the yea
st two-hybrid assay and has intrinsic phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase
activity that requires the dioxygenase cofactor iron and cosubstrate 2
-oxoglutarate. Radiation hybrid data place PAHX on chromosome 10 betwe
en the markers D10S249 and D10S466, a region previously implicated in
Refsum disease by homozygosity mapping(5). We find that both Refsum di
sease patients examined are homozygous for inactivating mutations in P
AHX, demonstrating that mutations in PAHX can cause Refsum disease.