A. Tonomura, REAL-TIME OBSERVATION OF VORTEX INTERACTION WITH PINNING CENTERS USING ELECTRON WAVES, Physica. C, Superconductivity, 282, 1997, pp. 339-342
Individual vortices in superconductors were directly observed as spots
in a Lorentz electron micrograph using electron waves. The interactio
n of vortices with artificially produced pinning centers was dynamical
ly investigated with this method.