Cointegration and Granger-causality tests on data for six European cou
ntries from around the middle of the 19th Century to 1913 show that ex
ports and GNP were cointegrated and 'Granger-causally' related with 'e
xport-led' growth in Italy, Norway and Sweden. (C) 1997 Elsevier Scien
ce S.A.