CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES AS STORAGE ROOM FOR COSMIC-RAYS

It is demonstrated that clusters of galaxies are able to keep cosmic r ays for a time exceeding the age of the universe. This phenomenon reve als itself by the production of the diffuse flux of high-energy gamma and neutrino radiation due to the interaction of the cosmic rays with the intracluster gas. The produced flux is determined by the cosmologi cal density of baryons, Omega(b), if a large part of this density is p rovided by the intracluster gas. The signal from relic cosmic rays has to be compared with the flux produced by the late sources, which can be considered as a background in the search for cosmic-ray production in the past. We calculate this flux considering the normal galaxies an d active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the clusters as the sources of cosm ic rays. Another potential cosmic-ray source is the shock in the gas a ccreting to a cluster. We found that this background is relatively hig h: the diffuse -fluxes produced by relic cosmic rays are of the same o rder of magnitude that can be expected from AGNs in the clusters. In a ll cases the predicted diffuse gamma-ray flux is smaller than the obse rved one, and the diffuse neutrino flux can be seen as the small bump at E similar to 10(6) GeV over the atmospheric neutrino flux. A bright phase in the galaxy evolution can be a source of the relic cosmic ray s in clusters, revealing itself by diffuse gamma and neutrino radiatio n. We found that the observation of a signal from the bright phase is better for an individual cluster.