Capillary liquid chromatography (LC) using conventional high performan
ce liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrumentation provides high reproduc
ibility, high separation and detection sensitivities, and a large work
ing range (conventional-, micro-, capillary-, and nanoscale) at modera
te cost. Upgrading conventional HPLC instrumentation is easy and quick
, and the resulting capillary LC systems can be used for protein-pepti
de mapping at subpicomole levels. The low flow rates are compatible wi
th high-sensitivity electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) detection and
automated on-line micro-fraction collection onto matrix-assisted laser
-desorption ionization targets with minimal risk of sample loss before
MS analysis.