MEDIASTINOSCOPY, THORACOSCOPY, AND VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC-SURGERY INTHE DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF LUNG-CANCER

The intrathoracic staging of lung cancer involves assessment of the pr imary tumor and potential sites of metastases. Imaging studies of the chest are sensitive in detecting intrathoracic abnormalities, but spec ific staging information generally requires a tissue biopsy. The instr uments used to obtain this information include the bronchoscope, media stinoscope, add thoracoscope, The complementary application of these i nstruments can provide valuable staging information while limiting the morbidity of surgical staging.