S. Lifsches et S. Shelah, PEANO ARITHMETIC MAY NOT BE INTERPRETABLE IN THE MONADIC THEORY OF LINEAR ORDERS, The Journal of symbolic logic, 62(3), 1997, pp. 848-872
Gurevich and Shelah have shown that Peano Arithmetic cannot be interpr
eted in the monadic second-order theory of short chains (hence, in the
monadic second-order theory of the real line). We will show here that
it is consistent that the monadic second-order theory of no chain int
erprets Peano Arithmetic.