S. Mckeever et al., MOUTHPARTS, ANTENNAE AND GENITALIA OF INTERSEX CULICOIDES STELLIFER PARASITIZED BY MERMITHID NEMATODES, Medical and veterinary entomology, 11(3), 1997, pp. 217-222
A 12-month study of Culicoides in Bulloch County, Georgia, U.S.A., rev
ealed that twelve of 23,859 specimens (0.05%) of C. stellifer were int
ersexes as a result of being parasitized by mermithid nematodes. Of th
ese, eleven had male genitalia and female type antennae and one had fe
male genitalia with male type antennae.