The development of a ''coherent'' field emission electron beam made it
possible to directly and even dynamically observe phase objects such
as superconducting vortices. Magnetic lines of force of individual vor
tices were quantitatively observed as phase contour lines in a hologra
phic interference micrograph, and the dynamics of the vortices were ob
served by Lorentz microscopy. The interaction of vortices with pinning
centers or lines in superconductors was investigated by direct observ
ation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.