Serious differences in opinions about quantitative cancer risk assessm
ent have developed between scientists and regulators in North America
and Europe. In North America mathematical modeling is accepted as a pr
agmatic tool although it tends to be applied inflexibly. In Europe mat
hematical approaches have been rejected and their potential benefits i
gnored. Recent developments on both sides of the Atlantic are showing
a gradual shift in opinions. It is important that an international con
sensus is reached soon before differences in philosophy result in unne
cessary trade disputes.