IDENTIFICATION OF A VIRAL KINASE THAT PHOSPHORYLATES SPECIFIC E2FS AND POCKET PROTEINS

The transcription factor E2F and its regulation by pRB and related poc ket proteins are central to cell cycle control in higher eukaryotes, M uch of our knowledge of this regulation has come from studies using im mediate-early proteins of DNA tumor viruses, Previously, we reported t hat the 72-kDa immediate-early region 1 gene product of the human cyto megalovirus, IE72, transactivates the dihydrofolate reductase promoter through the E2F site and that it physically interacts with E2F1 (M. J . Margolis, S. Pajovic, E. L. Wong, M. Wade, R. Jupp, J. A. Nelson, an d J. C. Azizkhan, J. Virol. 69:7759-7767, 1995), In this study, we fur ther characterized the mechanism by which IE72 modulates E2F-dependent transcription, In vitro phosphorylation reactions using gel-purified bacterially expressed proteins revealed that IE72 is a kinase that aut ophosphorylates and phosphorylates E2F1, -2, and -3 (but not E2F4 or - 5) and the RE-related pocket proteins p130 and p107 (but not pRB), The region of IE72 spanning amino acids 173 to 197 shows a high level of homology to the ATP binding sites in over 500 kinases. The kinase-nega tive protein IE72 Delta ATP, from which this region has been deleted, cannot activate E2F-dependent transcription, The kinase activity of IE 72 is also required for its ability to reduce the association of E2F4 with p107 and p130. Taken together, these data suggest that the kinase activity of IE72 is required for E2F-dependent transcriptional activa tion and that this is likely to result from phosphorylation of specifi c members of the E2F and pocket protein families by IE72.