D.K. Belyaev's evolutionary concept is considered in terms of (1) expe
rimental results obtained during studies on domestication mainly in re
cent years and (2) modern views on evolution under extreme conditions
and the role of the hierarchic system of regulation of genetic express
ion in evolution. Changes in neuroendocrine regulation in the course o
f long-term domestication are characterized, and the morphogenetic rol
e of hormones and neurotransmitters is discussed. The effects of selec
tion on the rate of some developmental processes and the importance of
the resultant heterochronias for the morphogenetic consequences of se
lection for behavior are described.