OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COATED GLAZINGS AT OBLIQUE ANGLES OF INCIDENCE - MEASUREMENTS VERSUS MODEL-CALCULATIONS

The optical properties of glazings and coated glazing products at obli que angles of incidence are discussed. The parallel shift of both tran smitted and reflected beams due to refraction and multiple reflections within the sample poses problems for most standard instruments. A pro cedure for the correction of incorrectly recorded signals due to this parallel shift of the back surface reflected component is presented. A n absolute instrument using an integrating sphere as the detector is d escribed. This instrument is insensitive to a parallel shift of the in coming beam and thus detects all transmitted and reflected beams from transparent glazings at oblique angles of incidence correctly. Model c alculations for the prediction of the angular variation including the Fresnel formalism as well as empirical algorithms are discussed. Compa ring the results of exact Fresnel calculations with the results of cal culations using such an empirical algorithm shows that a simple polyno mial with only two terms can predict the angular variation function of coated glazings accurately, provided the polynomial is chosen in acco rdance with the coating category being evaluated. Because of the low p recision of experimental results and the complex nature of exact Fresn el calculations, I suggest that such an empirical algorithm should be used as a standard procedure to predict the angular variation of refle ctance and transmittance of glazing products. This algorithm would lea d to simplified procedures and more unanimous results than those that are achieved today. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.