ENZYME OR PROTEIN IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR APPLICATIONS IN BIOSENSOR DESIGN

New generations of biosensors are emerging that are based on novel and promising transducers such as miniature, reagentless-mediated electro des, field-effect transistors, piezoelectric and optical devices, Reag entless-mediated biosensors can be constructed by co-immobilizing both enzymes and mediators onto a miniaturized electrode using electropoly merization, thus improving the sensitivity and speed of the response, Even more promising is the development of electrochemical sensors, in which electron transfer is made directly from a redox enzyme to an ele ctrode surface via molecular wires. While this has only been reported, so far, for a specific enzyme entrapped in N-methylpyrrole under defi ned circumstances, the development of new oriented immobilization tech niques, coupled with progress in protein engineering, may make direct electron transfer the rule rather than the exception.