Background and Purpose Elevations of protein S-100 (S-100) in cerebros
pinal fluid and serum have been reported after cerebral infarctions. T
he aim of our study was to evaluate the time course of serum S-100 con
centrations after territorial middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarctions
in correlation with clinical data and prognosis. Methods S-100 serum
levels were serially determined in 26 patients with an acute infarctio
n in the territory of the MCA at day 0 (within 12 hours after onset of
symptoms), day 1 (24 hours after stroke onset), and days 2, 3, 4, 5,
7 or 8, and 10 after stroke and in 26 age- and sex-matched control sub
jects. S-100 assays were performed using a two-site radioimmunoassay t
echnique. The clinical status was documented using the Scandinavian St
roke Scale. The functional deficit 4 weeks after stroke onset was scor
ed by use of the modified Rankin scale. A cranial computed tomography
(CCT) was performed initially and at day 4 or 5. Results Elevated conc
entrations of S-100 (>0.2 mu g/L) were observed in 21 of 26 patients w
ith MCA infarction but in none of the control subjects. S-100 levels p
eaked at days 2 and 3 after stroke. The S-100 concentrations in serum
were significantly higher in patients with severe neurological deficit
s at admission, with extensive infarctions and a space-occupying effec
t of ischemic edema as compared with the rest of the population. S-100
values were not significantly correlated with the functional prognosi
s. Conclusions Presence of S-100 in serum after ischemic stroke may be
due to combined leakage out of necrotic glial cells and passage throu
gh an impaired brain-blood barrier, indicating severe ischemic cell in
jury. Therefore, S-100 in serum can be used as a peripheral marker of
ischemic focal brain damage and may be helpful for therapeutic decisio
ns in acute ischemic stroke.