RELEVANCE OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GEL BEADS FOR THEIR MECHANICALSTABILITY IN BIOREACTORS

The mechanical stability of biocatalyst particles in bioreactors is of crucial importance for applications of immobilized-cell technology in bioconversions. The common methods for evaluation of the strength of polymer beads (mostly force-to-fracture or tensile tests) are, however , not yet proven to be relevant for the assessment of their mechanical stability in bioreactors. Therefore, we tested fracture properties of gel materials and investigated their relevance for abrasion in biorea ctors. Abrasion of gel beads was assumed to be a continuous fracturing of the bead surface. At first, three rheological properties were cons idered: stress at fracture; strain at fracture; and the total fracture energy. If stress at fracture is the most important property, beads h aving a similar fracture energy, but a smaller stress at fracture, wou ld abrade faster in a bioreactor than beads with a larger stress at fr acture; if fracture energy the determining factor, beads that require less energy to fracture would abrade faster than those having a larger fracture energy for the same fracture stress. To determine this, bead s of kappa-carrageenan and agar (at two different polymer concentratio ns) were tested for abrasion in four identical bubble columns under th e same operating conditions. Agar beads were expected to abrade faster than those of carrageenan because agar had either a lower stress at f racture or a lower fracture energy. However, no correlation between fr acture properties and abrasion rate was found in any of the combinatio ns tested. Carrageenan beads abraded faster than those of agar in all combinations. Furthermore, both the stress and strain at fracture of a gar and carrageenan beads decreased during the run and those of carrag eenan decreased faster, suggesting that the gels are liable to fatigue in different ways. This hypothesis was confirmed by oscillating exper iments in which gel samples were subjected to repeated compressions be low their fracture levels. Their resistance to compression clearly dec reased with the number of oscillations. Fatigue is probably related to the development of microcracks and microfracture propagation within t he material. We concluded that: (a) the use of tests based on bead rup ture do not provide relevant information on the mechanical stability o f gel beads to abrasion; and (b) abrasion of polymer beads is likely t o be related to fatigue of the gel materials. (C) 1997 John Wiley & So ns, Inc.