Ra. Steer et al., HOPELESSNESS IN IV DRUG-USERS NOT IN TREATMENT AND SEEKING HIV TESTING AND COUNSELING, Drug and alcohol dependence, 34(2), 1994, pp. 99-103
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was administered to 2379 intravenous
drug users who were not in treatment, unaware of their human-immunode
ficiency-virus (HIV) status and seeking HIV testing and counselling. T
hree BHS principal components were identified reflecting resignation t
o the futility of changing the future, rejection of the possibility of
a hopeful future, and acceptance of the inevitability of a hopeless f
uture. The principal component scores representing these three dimensi
ons were positively related to self-reported depression and suicidal i
deation; the rejection scores were positively correlated with confirme
d HIV seropositivity.