ANCIENT DNA SUGGESTS A RECENT EXPANSION OF EUROPEAN CATTLE FROM A DIVERSE WILD PROGENITOR SPECIES

A total of 11 Bos primigenius and Bos taurus bones from archaeological sites between 500 and 12 000 years old were examined for the presence of DNA. It was possible to amplify and sequence mitochondrial control region DNA extracted from seven of the 11 samples, including two Plei stocene B. primigenius samples. We compared the results with published data by constructing phylogenetic networks. The two B. primigenius sa mples clustered with the extant B. taurus samples in the networks. The similarity between B. primigenius and modern taurine cattle confirms that these should be considered members of a single species. The seque nces obtained from the B. taurus specimens were either identical to th e reference sequence for modern European cattle or closely related to it. They included two sequences not previously documented. The network analysis of the ancient data highlights the intermediary nature of th e B. primigenius sequences between modern European and African B. taur us and the proximity of the ancient DNA B. taurus sequences to modern European B. taurus. Further analysis of the extant data in the light o f the ancient DNA results suggests that a degree of Pleistocene divers ity survives in the extant European Bos population that is mainly deri ved from a more recent population expansion.