The crest of the Cordillera de la Costa inland from Iquique supports a
unique Chilean loma communities or tillandsiales of an epiphytic brom
eliads growing on sand. These communities, similar to tillandsiales of
the loma formations of coastal Peru, contain only a single vascular p
lant species, Tillandsia landbeckii. This terrestrial epiphyte obtains
all of its moisture and nutrition from the absorption of fog moisture
through specialized leaf scales, and furthermore utilizes CAM metabol
ism as a physiological adaptation to its arid habitat. The distributio
n of Tillandsia landbeckii is highly localized to steep, southwest-fac
ing slopes at 930-1 050 m elevation. Here it grows in lens-shaped moun
ds forming bands across the slopes. Mean canopy cover of these large m
ounds was 24% over a broad study area, and reached to nearly 50% local
ly at higher elevations. Mean community biomass was 715 kg ha-1 overal
l, and reached 1 460 kg ha(-1) on upper slopes. The development of ind
ividual tillandsia mounds represents a dynamic process of colonization
, growth and development, and eventual senescence. The highly specific
habitat relationships of Tillandsia landbeckii and its dependence on
fog moisture inputs from the camanchaca suggest that these communities
may serve as sensitive indicators of climate change in northern Chile
. Existing areas of tillandsia dieback suggest increasing aridity and
reduction of the intensity of the camanchaca in this century, consiste
nt with floristic evidence from other sources.