CYTOKINES AS AN ADJUVANT TO TUMOR VACCINES - EFFICACY OF LOCAL METHODS OF DELIVERY

Background: We examined alternative methods of delivering cytokines as an adjunct for priming lymph node (LN) cells draining sites of vaccin e inoculation for the purpose of generating immune cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Methods: Using syngeneic murine tumors we examined the ability of IL-2, IL-4, or GM-CSF delivered locally to a site of tumor inoculum to induce antitumor reactive draining LN cells. Mice were ino culated subcutaneously with tumor cells transduced to secrete cytokine ; tumor cells admixed with fibroblasts transduced to secrete cytokine; or intralesional inoculation of cytokine in established tumor to indu ce sensitized LN cells capable of mediating tumor regression in adopti ve transfer. Results: Both IL-4 and GM-CSF cytokines were effective in enhancing the antitumor reactivity of vaccine-primed LN cells compare d to IL-2, which was ineffective. The local delivery of GM-CSF by auto crine or paracrine secretion of genetically engineered cells, as well as direct intratumoral delivery was capable of upregulating LN sensiti zation compared to systemic administration, which did not. Conclusions : The local delivery of GM-CSF as an adjuvant for tumor vaccination ca n be accomplished by various methods, including direct injection, whic h avoids the need for gene transfer.