DELIBERATION, LEVERAGE OR COERCION - THE WORLD-BANK, NGOS, AND GLOBALENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS

NGOs' influence over environmental policy in World Bank lending has in volved successful application of international leverage to win complia nce by borrowing governments. Decision-making at the World Bank on con troversial environmental policy issues shows little evidence of growin g consensus, communicative competence or widely shared values among th e Bank's donor and borrower countries. Neither the World Bank's struct ure and mandate nor the NGOs' strategies encourage such a consensus-ba sed process. NGO environmental advocacy has instead tended to broaden the World Bank's authority to regulate its borrowers' economic and env ironmental policies.