Deep optical survey(1,2) probe the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosities
of high-redshift galaxies, They can therefore be used to infer star f
ormation rates, under assumptions about young stellar populations, Cur
rent data suggest that the global star-formation rate of the Universe
peaked at a redshift of z=1, then subsequently declined(3,4), leading
to claims that the bulk of star formation in the Universe has been see
n, However, the large uncertainties inherent in correcting for ultravi
olet absorption by dust associated with young stars suggest that these
formation rates might be substantially underestimated in high-redshif
t galaxies. Here we circumvent this problem by considering the bust th
ermal emission at infrared (and submillimetre) wave-lengths. We propos
e an improved determination of the long-sought cosmic infrared backgro
und(5) (built up from the accumulated infrared light of faint galaxies
along the line of sight), from which we are able to estimate the requ
ired population of high-redshift, dust-enshrouded starburst galaxies,
We argue that most of the star formation at high redshift may be hidde
n by dust, and we define the necessary characteristics of a feasible f
ar-infrared survey that could detect this population.