PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS OF CLERODENDRUM S.L. (LAMIACEAE) INFERRED FROM CHLOROPLAST DNA

Seventy-nine accessions representing forty-seven taxa of Clerodendrum s.l. (Lamiaceae) and seven putative outgroup genera are included in an analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction sites for ten enzymes. Parsim ony analysis of 456 potentially informative characters identifies four large discrete clades (Clades I-IV) within Clerodendrum s.l and shows that Clerodendrum s.l. is polyphyletic. Clades I and II comprise Asia n and African taxa respectively. Clade III comprises coastal species f rom Africa, Asia and central America and presents an hypothesis of rel ationship within Clerodendrum that has not previously been explicit in classifications of the genus. Clade IV comprising subg. Cyclonema and sect. Konocalyx (subg. Clerodendrum pro parte) emerges as a lineage d istinct from the rest of Clerodendrum. Traditional sections Squamata, Odontocalyx (subg. Clerodendrum), Cyclonema and Stacheocymosa (subg. C yclonema) are well-supported monophyletic groups. Subgenus Clerodendru m and sections Clerodendrum and Axilliflora (subg. Clerodendrum pro pa rte) are shown to be polyphyletic. The polyphyly of Clerodendrum s.l. is also supported by a separate analysis of chloroplast ndhF sequences , in which a smaller sampling of Clerodendrum is included in a broader sample of labiate genera. The ndhF sequence data suggest that Tetracl ea belongs in Clade I of Clerodendrum and support the monophyly of the recently circumscribed subfamily Teucriodeae.