Wd. Gardner et al., A SEDIMENT TRAP EXPERIMENT IN THE VEMA CHANNEL TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTOF HORIZONTAL PARTICLE FLUXES ON MEASURED VERTICAL FLUXES, Journal of marine research, 55(5), 1997, pp. 995-1028
Sediment traps are used to measure fluxes and collect samples for stud
ies in biology, chemistry and geology, yet we have much to learn about
factors that influence particle collection rates. Toward this end, we
deployed cylindrical sediment traps on five current meter moorings ac
ross the Vema Channel to field-test the effect of different horizontal
particle fluxes on the collection rate of the traps-instruments inten
ded for the collection of vertically settling particles. The asymmetri
c flow of Antarctic Bottom Water through the Vema Channel created an e
xcellent natural flume environment in which there were vertical and la
teral gradients in the distribution of both horizontal velocity and pa
rticle concentration and, therefore, the resulting horizontal flux. Ho
rizontal effects were examined by comparing quantities of collected ma
terial (apparent vertical fluxes) with the horizontal fluxes of partic
les past each trap. We also looked for evidence of hydrodynamic biases
by comparing and contrasting the composition of trap material based o
n particle size and the concentration of Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Mn, C-org and
CaCO3. Experimental inverted traps and traps with only side openings
were deployed to test a hypothesis of how particles are collected in t
raps. The vertical flux of surface-water particles should have been re
latively uniform over the 45 km region of the mooring locations, so if
horizontal transport contributed significantly to collection rates in
traps, the calculated trap fluxes should be correlated positively wit
h the horizontal flux. If the horizontal flow caused undertrapping, th
ere should be a negative correlation with velocity or Reynolds number.
The gross horizontal flux past different traps varied by a factor of
37, yet the quantity collected by the traps differed by only a factor
of 1.4. The calculated horizontal fluxes were 2-4 orders of magnitude
larger than the measured apparent vertical fluxes. Mean velocities pas
t the traps ranged from 1-22 cm s(-1) (Reynolds numbers of 3,500-43,00
0 for these traps with a diameter of 30.5 cm and an aspect ratio of si
milar to 3) and showed no statistically significant relationship to th
e apparent vertical flux. We conclude that at current speeds measured
in a very large portion of the world's oceans, vertical fluxes measure
d with moored, cylindrical traps should exhibit little effect from hor
izontal currents.