EFFECT OF SEAWATER CARBONATE CONCENTRATION ON FORAMINIFERAL CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES

Stable oxygen and carbon isotope measurements on biogenic calcite and aragonite have become standard tools for reconstructing past oceanogra phic and climatic change. In aquatic organisms, O-18/O-16 ratios in th e shell carbonate are a function of the ratio in the sea water and the calcification temperature(1). In contrast, C-13/C-12 ratios are contr olled by the ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water and phys iological processes such as respiration and symbiont photosynthesis', These geochemical proxies have been used with analyses of foraminifera shells to reconstruct global ice volumes(3), surface and deep ocean t emperatures(4,5), ocean circulation changes(6) and glacial-interglacia l exchange between the terrestrial and oceanic carbon pools(7). Here, we report experimental measurements on living symbiotic and non-symbio tic plankton foraminifera (Orbulina universa and Globigerina bulloides respectively) showing that the C-13/C-12 and O-18/O-16 ratios of the calcite shells decrease with increasing seawater [CO32-]. Because glac ial-period oceans had higher pH and [CO32-] than today(8), these new r elationships confound the standard interpretation of glacial foraminif eral stable-isotope data In particular, the hypothesis that the glacia l-interglacial shift in the C-13/C-12 ratio was due to a transfer of t errestrial carbon into the ocean(7) can be explained alternatively by an increase in ocean alkalinity(25). A carbonate-concentration effect could also help explain some of the extreme stable-isotope variations during the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic aeons(9).