Nearly 3 decades have passed since Hofstede (1980) collected the data
used to classify countries by their underlying work-related value stru
ctures. The present study, in which recent data from 9 countries in 4
continents was collected, is a reexamination of his country classifica
tions. The results suggest that many shifts have occurred since Hofste
de's study in 1980. These shifts are related to some of the major envi
ronmental changes that have occurred.