LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY OF ARBOVIRUSES IN SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA - TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF ENZOOTIC ACTIVITY IN IMPERIAL-VALLEY, 1991-1994

Western equine encephalomyelitis (TtTEE) and St. Louis encephalitis (S LE) viruses were detected in the Imperial Valley during the summers of 1991-1994 by isolation from the primary vector, Culex tarsalis Coquil lett, and by the seroconversion of sentinel chickens. Enzootic transmi ssion consistently was not detected first each year at sampling sites near specific landscape features such as a heron rookery and other rip aran habitats along the New River, sites alone the Mexican border, or saline and freshwater marshes along the southern shore of the Salton S ea. Despite mild winter temperatures and the elevated vernal abundance of Cx. tarsalis, WEE and SLE activity was not detected until June or July, indicating considerable amplification may be necessary before de tection by testing mosquito pools for virus infection or sentinel chic ken sera for antibodies. Results did not permit the spatial focusing o f early season control efforts or research on mechanisms of virus inte rseasonal persistence.