MORE THAN ONE-WAY TO VIOLATE INDEPENDENCE - REPLY

T. Curran and D. L. Hintzman's (1997) analysis of nonindependence in p rocess dissociation did not confound aggregation bias with process dep endence, as L. L. Jacoby and P. E. Shrout (1997) claimed. This reply s hows that the numerical example presented as undermining Curran and Hi ntzman's arguments is entirely consistent with their equations and rei nforces their analysis of the effect of subject-item variance in induc ing aggregation bias. Process dependence and aggregation bias can be u nderstood as distinct sources of nonindependence in data. However, pro cess-dissociation estimates are affected by both.