As an increasing number of organizations become dependent on access to
their data over the Internet, the need for adequate security measures
is becoming more and more critical. The most popular security measure
these days is a firewall. However, a firewall is not immune to penetr
ation, and it does not provide any protection of internal resources fr
om insiders and successful intruders. One of the requirements for the
protection of internal resources is access control to ensure that all
accesses are authorized according to some specified policy. In this pa
per, we survey the state of the art in access control for database sys
tems, discuss the main research issues, and outline possible direction
s for future research.