Waste-facility siting processes are complex because they involve four
sets of causal elements and relationships: (1) Facility need, design,
and operation cause facility effects by interacting with site, environ
mental, and community characteristics; (2) facility effects and stakeh
olders' background beliefs and values determine stakeholders' beliefs,
attitudes, and actions; (3) proponents siting interventions can tangi
bly change the facility effects and the siting process; and (4) stakeh
olders' actions interact and result in an outcome. This study structur
es the main elements and connections into a framework to explain stake
holder attitudes and siting outcome. Propositions about the four sets
of causal factors were developed to test the framework as a theoretica
l construct. The propositions are investigated by content analyses of
siting documents, stakeholder interviews, and siting chronologies for
a municipal landfill and a hazardous-waste treatment facility. The cas
e-study analysis uses pattern matching, explanation building, and time
-sequence analysis to test the framework. The framework contains over
85% of the pertinent elements and connections. The revised framework p
rovides a tool to compare siting cases with a complete, consistent set
of variables; screen facilities in prospective host communities; and
design siting interventions to negotiate siting agreements.