Despite public and community health nursing's long history of social a
ctivism and the advocation of community collaborative and partnership
ventures to enhance health status, most community interventions contin
ue to focus on the individual. Larger social structures and institutio
ns that create and support unhealthy behaviors and environments have n
ot been seen as sites for nursing interventions. This article examines
the challenges associated with community-level interventions. Communi
ty organization and participatory research are offered as models of em
ancipatory community-level interventions particularly germane to disen
franchised communities.