We have isolated four non-tissue-specific helix-loop-helix (HLH) trans
cription factors from Xenopus laevis (Xl). While some are clearly orth
ologous to known mammalian HLH proteins, others have dramatic amino-ac
id differences in otherwise highly conserved protein domains. We propo
se that these changes arose following the tetraploidization of Xl appr
ox. 30 Myr ago.