SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOPHYSICS OF THE OPTICAL PROBE N-1-METHYL-7-AZATRYPTOPHAN

The development of a new intrinsic optical probe of protein structure and dynamics, N-1-methyl-7-azatryptophan (1M7AT), is reported. The uti lity of this nonnatural amino acid derivative lies in its single-expon ential, long-lived fluorescence decay (21.7 +/- 0.4 ns) and in its hig h fluorescence quantum yield (0.53 +/- 0.07). Its absorption and emiss ion maxima are red-shifted 10 and 65 nm, respectively, from those of t ryptophan. These characteristics permit its unambiguous detection with unprecedented discrimination against emission from multiply occurring native tryptophan residues. In a mixture of these two amino acids, no tryptophan signal is detected until the tryptophan: N-1-methyl-7-azat ryptophan ratio exceeds 75:1. Consequently, N-1-methyl-7-azatryptophan is ideal for studying the interactions of small peptides containing i t with large proteins.