Lf. Wei et al., GAUGE INDEPENDENCE OF LEWIS-RIESENFELD PHASES, Nuovo cimento della Societa italiana di fisica. B, Relativity, classical and statistical physics, 110(11), 1995, pp. 1357-1361
For a time-dependent quantum system, the instantaneous stationary Schr
odinger equation is not covariant under gauge transformation. Therefor
e, the formal definition of the Berry phase may depend on the choice o
f mutually gauge-equivalent Hamiltonians. It is shown that the Lewis-R
iesenfeld phase is manifestly gauge independent. The generalized time-
dependent harmonic oscillator is used as an example to demonstrate thi
s result.