OBSERVATIONS ON VITAMIN-K DEFICIENCY IN THE FETUS AND NEWBORN - HAS NATURE MADE A MISTAKE

The microsomal mixed function oxidase system metabolizes xenobiotics ( Phase I) to products that, if not inactivated and conjugated for excre tion (Phase II), are capable of forming conjugates with cellular macro molecules, including DNA, resulting in toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogen ic events. Benzo(a)pyrene (BP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a model carcinogen for this system. Vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) is a r egulator of BP metabolism. These studies demonstrate that K-1 is capab le of increasing Phase I metabolism and decreasing glutathione transfe rase activity (Phase II) in chick embryo liver; that deprivation of K- 1 reduces BP/DNA adducts in mouse liver and reduces tumor formation in mice given intraperitoneal BP; and that K-1 supplementation increases BP induced tumor formation in mice. However, epidemiologic studies in dicate that children of mothers who smoke during pregnancy may not be at increased risk of cancer. It is known that the placentas from these pregnancies exhibit markedly increased levels of aryl-hydrocarbon hyd roxylase induced by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco sm oke, but there is no corresponding increase in this enzyme activity in the fetus in such pregnancies. We suggest that the low vitamin K leve l is a secondary protective mechanism for xenobiotics, such as BP, tha t may escape the primary placental screen. The recently described role of vitamin K-dependent Gla protein as ligands for receptor tyrosine k inases, also establishes K as a link in cell growth and transformation . It is proposed that the small total body pool of K-1 in the adult, w hich is sufficient only to meet continuing needs, and the even smaller pool in the fetus are protective. This protective effect of low K-1 l evels is particularly important in the presence of the high mitotic ra tes and rapid cell turnover in the avian embryo and mammalian fetus.