Hepatitis B infection can add significantly to the morbidity and morta
lity of transplantation. Patients with hepatitis B can have severe rec
urrent disease following liver transplantation. Reactivation of occult
disease can occur during chemotherapy or immunosuppression. Hepatitis
B also can be acquired at the time of transplantation. Intensive stud
y of transplant patients with hepatitis B has led to a new understandi
ng of the immunobiology of hepatitis B virus.