ETIQUETTE BOOKS AND EMOTION MANAGEMENT IN THE 20TH-CENTURY .2. THE INTEGRATION OF THE SEXES

This paper is the second part of a report on a comparative study of ch anges in twentieth-century American, Dutch, English and German etiquet te books, focusing on connections between changes in ranking and forma lity, especially with regard to classes and sexes, and changes in emot ion management. This part concentrates on the diminishing social and p sychic distance between the sexes, and on changes in the demands on em otion management in the process of women's emancipation and social int egration. A sketch of the expansion of upper- and middle-class women's sources of power and identity focuses on aspects such as the developm ent of codes of behaviour for new situations: dances, dates, the workp lace, etc., as women succeeded in getting rid of the system of chapero nage and in 'escaping' from the imprisonment of the 'home'. The conclu ding sections of this part focus on the intensified tug-of-war between old and new relational ideals and sources of power, and concomitant: feelings of ambivalence in both women and men.