HEPATITIS-B VIRUS PX ACTIVATES NF-KAPPA-B-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH A RAF-INDEPENDENT PATHWAY

In this study, we characterized the molecular events involved in the a ctivation of the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-kappa B by the vir al transactivator pX. pX expression in HeLa cells determines a manyfol d increase in NF-kappa B-dependent transcription, which is associated with an increase in p50/p65 heterodimer DNA-binding activity. Since th e I kappa B-alpha inhibitory subunit proteolytic degradation, which fo llows its phosphorylation/modification, is a key event in NF-kappa B a ctivation by different stimuli (such as growth factors, phorbol esters , tumor necrosis factor, UV irradiation, and oxygen radicals), we inve stigated pX effects on I kappa B-alpha, as well as the possible involv ement of known signalling pathways in pX-induced NF-kappa B-dependent transcription. We observed that although pX had no direct effect on p5 0 or p65, it was able to restore the I kappa B-alpha-suppressed p50/p6 5 activity. More directly, the stable expression of pX in HeLa cells r esulted in reduced levels of I kappa B-alpha in the cytoplasm. Pretrea tment of the cells with H7, calphostin C, tyrphostin 25, or N-acetylcy steine did not impair the effects of pX on NF-kappa B, thus ruling out the involvement of protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases, and oxygen rad icals. Finally, while most of the known NF-kappa B-activating agents c onverge on Raf-1 protein kinase, when Raf-1 activity is blocked by ove rexpression of a dominant negative mutant, the effects of pX on NF-kap pa B are not impaired. Thus, we suggest that although pX is able to ac tivate the Ras/Raf-1-signalling pathway, it triggers NF-kappa B activa tion by an as yet unidentified Raf-1-independent pathway.