THE SIGMA-FACTOR SIGMA(S) AFFECTS ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION AND BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL ACTIVITY OF PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS PF-5

Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5, a rhizosphere-inhabiting bacterium that suppresses several soilborne pathogens of plants, produces the antibio tics pyrrolnitrin, pyoluteorin, and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol. A gene necessary for pyrrolnitrin production by Pf-5 was identified as rpoS, which encodes the stationary-phase sigma factor sigma(s). Several ple iotropic effects of an rpoS mutation in Escherichia coli also were obs erved in an RpoS(-) mutant of Pf-5. These included sensitivities of st ationary-phase cells to stresses imposed by hydrogen peroxide or high salt concentration, A plasmid containing the cloned wild-type rpoS gen e restored pyrrolnitrin production and stress tolerance to the RpoS(-) mutant of Pf-5, The RpoS(-) mutant overproduced pyoluteorin and 2,4-d iacetylphloroglucinol, two antibiotics that inhibit growth of the phyt opathogenic fungus Pythium ultimum, and was superior to the wild type in suppression of seedling damping-off of cucumber caused by Pythium u ltimum. When inoculated onto cucumber seed at high cell densities, the RpoS(-) mutant did not survive as well as the wild-type strain on sur faces of developing seedlings, Other stationary-phase-specific phenoty pes of Pf-5, such as the production of cyanide and extracellular prote ase(s) were expressed by the RpoS(-) mutant, suggesting that sigma(s) is only one of the sigma factors required for the transcription of gen es in stationary-phase cells of P. fluorescens., These results indicat e that a sigma factor encoded by rpoS influences antibiotic production , biological control activity, and survival of P. fluorescens on plant surfaces.