The possibility of conditioning captive-reared animals to fear predato
rs prior to release into the wild is often discussed, but rarely attem
pted. Here we show that captive-reared rufous hare-wallabies Lagorches
tes hirsutus, a species of marsupial that became extinct in the Austra
lian mainland in 1991, become more cautious after conditioning to fear
predators that they will encounter after release. The predators, cats
and foxes, are not historical enemies of hare-wallabies, but captive-
reared predator-naive rufous hare-wallabies reacted cautiously to them
in captivity, suggesting either some genetic recognition abilities fo
r a generalised mammalian predator, or perhaps that hare-wallabies are
simply generally cautious in the presence of an unknown animal. Rufou
s hare-wallabies became even more cautious after two conditioning tech
niques were used to teach them to associate a fright with a fox or cat
. We suggest that conditioning about predators may be a valuable adjun
ct to many management programmes involving release of predator-naive e
ndangered animals.