This paper examines the validity of the view that religion is a defens
e, a mechanism designed to reduce tension by avoiding a threatening si
tuation rather than confronting it. Empirical and theoretical literatu
re is reviewed suggesting that tension reduction is one but not the on
ly motivation for religious involvement. Additional evidence also indi
cates that religion is not simply a form of denial, not merely a passi
ve form of coping, and not solely associated with resistance to social
change. In contrast to the religion as defense stereotype, religion a
ppears to serve many different purposes and does so in many different
ways. It may be more helpful to think of religion as a way of coping,
effectively or ineffectively, with life's most difficult problems than
as a defensive reaction to trouble. This more differentiated perspect
ive leads to more refined questions about the factors that determine t
he shape of religion. It also underscores the need for a greater appre
ciation of the potentially helpful and harmful roles religion can play
in the life of the individual and the community. Finally, it points t
o new opportunities for collaboration between those psychological and
religious communities that share a respect for diversity, the dignity
of the individual, and social justice.