The paper describes a range of lower-order element formulations that c
an be applied to both elastic and elasto-plastic large-strain elements
. For plane-strain analysis, this process involves four-noded quadrila
terals while the enhancements involve incompatible modes or enhanced s
trains. One particular new formulation can be considered as either a '
'co-rotational approach'' or a modified form of ''Biot stress procedur
e''.