QUANTIFYING LINKAGES AMONG GIZZARD SHAD, ZOOPLANKTON, AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN RESERVOIRS

Food webs in northern temperate lakes frequently exhibit tightly linke d interactions between adjacent trophic levels that lead to top-down e ffects from piscivores to phytoplankton. To determine if these interac tions occur in reservoirs dominated by an omnivorous planktivore, gizz ard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, we experimentally quantified crustacean zooplankton and phytoplankton responses to age-0 gizzard shad (23-90 m m total length) at four gizzard shad densities across three reservoirs , each with a different level of crustacean zooplankton productivity. Age-0 gizzard shad exerted strong top-down effects on crustacean zoopl ankton, eliminating it from most enclosures within 2 weeks. This decli ne in crustacean zooplankton did not lead to increases in phytoplankto n unless Daphnia spp. were initially abundant. As detritivores, gizzar d shad can remain abundant when planktonic food resources are depleted . This trophic decoupling probably allows gizzard shad to structure re servoir food webs by overconsumption of crustacean zooplankton, which in turn may compromise recruitment of sport fishes with zooplanktivoro us larvae. In our view, the potential for increasing crustacean zoopla nkton density by controlling gizzard shad with stocked predators will be limited to reservoirs where age-0 gizzard shad density can be reduc ed below 10 fish/m(3) and where daily zooplankton productivity exceeds 220 mg/m(3).