CLINICAL SUPERVISION RESEARCH FROM 1981 TO 1993 - A METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE

The empirical studies in clinical supervision published from 1981 thro ugh 1993 were investigated to assess scientific rigor and to test whet her the quality of methodology had improved since the review by R. K. Russell, A. M. Crimmings, and R. W. Lent (1984). The 144 studies were evaluated according to 49 threats to validity (T. D. Cook. & D. T. Cam pbell, 1979; R. K. Russell et al., 1984; B. E. Wampold, B. Davis, & R. H. Good III, 1990) and 8 statistical variables (e.g., effect size, st atistical power, and Type I and Type II error rates). The data reveale d a shift to realistic field studies, unchecked Type I and Type II err or rates, medium effect sizes, and inattention to hypothesis validity. Recommendations for designing and conducting a feasible and well-desi gned supervision study are offered.