Objective.-To evaluate the association between body lead burden and so
cial adjustment. Design.-Retrospective cohort study. Setting.-Public s
chool community. Participants.-From a population of 850 boys in the fi
rst grade at public schools, 503 were selected on the basis of a risk
scale for antisocial behavior. All of the 850 boys who scored in the u
pper 30th percentile of the distribution on a self-reported antisocial
behavior scale were matched with an equal number drawn by lot from th
e lower 70% of the distribution. From this sample, 301 students accept
ed the invitation to participate. Exposure Measure.-K x-ray fluorescen
ce spectroscopy of tibia at subjects' age of 12 years. Main Outcome Me
asures.-Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), teachers' and parents' report
s, and subjects' self-report of antisocial behavior and delinquency at
7 and 11 years of age. Results.-Subjects, teachers, and parents were
blind to the bone lead measurements. At 7 years of age, borderline ass
ociations between teachers' aggression, delinquency, and externalizing
scores and lead levels were observed after adjustment for covariates.
At 11 years of age, parents reported a significant lead-related assoc
iation with the following CBCL cluster scores: somatic complaints and
delinquent, aggressive, internalizing, and externalizing behavior. Tea
chers reported significant associations of lead with somatic complaint
s, anxious/depressed behavior, social problems, attention problems, an
d delinquent, aggressive, internalizing, and externalizing behavior. H
igh-lead subjects reported; higher scores in subjects' self-reports of
delinquency at 11 years. High-lead subjects were more likely to obtai
n worse scores on all items of the CBCL during the 4-year period of ob
servation. High bone lead levels were associated with an increased ris
k of exceeding the clinical score (T>70) for attention, aggression, an
d delinquency. Conclusion.-Lead exposure is associated with increased
risk for antisocial and delinquent behavior, and the effect follows a
developmental course.