Following description of peculiar historical conditions that gave rise
to the rapid growth of professional psychology in the United States a
nd expression of concern about the future of the field, questions abou
t the central purposes and basic identity of professional psychology a
re considered. Two conceptions are delineated. The currently dominant
conception of practice as applied science is disputed, and the concept
ion of professional service as disciplined inquiry is advanced as an a
lternative. The latter conception, but not the former, encourages syst
ematic address of urgent social needs and organized cooperation among
practitioners and researchers in developing effective practices to mee
t those needs.