N. Ialongo et al., SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN FIRST-GRADE CHILDREN WITH ANXIOUS AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, Journal of clinical child psychology, 25(1), 1996, pp. 15-24
Examined the degree of social and cognitive impairment in an epidemiol
ogically defined sample of first-grade children with anxious symptoms
alone, depressive symptoms alone, and comorbid anxious and depressive
symptoms. For boys, both anxious and depressive symptoms alone were as
sociated with statistically significant impairment in multiple domains
of social and cognitive functioning. In girls, little evidence of ass
ociated impairment was found for either anxious or depressive symptoms
alone. For boys, depressive symptoms alone was associated marginally
with impairment in a greater number of domains of adaptive functioning
than anxious symptoms alone. No such differences were found for girls
. Finally, there was limited evidence that comorbid anxious and depres
sive symptoms were associated with greater social and cognitive impair
ment.